(just another building material, though so different in the social creation implications--wastes and toxicities--that it requires its own section; mining, recycling, stream panning) Since most metals are created via very toxic "heat, beat, and treat" processes, this list will additionally highlight particular substitutes that are non-metal for sometimes what were considered very specialized "metal required" uses whether because of the properties of conduction or the properties of strength. Actually, both these issues make metals quite old fashioned solutions to such things. See 'conductors' and 'building materials' sections for more insights.
Or just create metals through 'old fashioned alchemy'--one of the little known effects of cold fusion technologies is its strange, and still theoretically unexplainable generation of different metal atoms where none existed before.
Once 'cold fusion alchemy' is perfected, perhaps any metal could simply be (slowly, atom by atom) made literally from this chemistry based water reaction where the metals were missing before.
Heavy Watergate: The War Against Cold Fusion [part 1 of 5]
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Cryogenic Treatment of Metals, More Durable Somehow for Motor Efficiency, More Durable, Harder, Longer Wearing, etc.
Freezing gas prices
May 25, 2005, 10:11 AM
David Hutchinson with his cryogenically enhanced hybrid Honda. (Photo: KFOR-TV-DT)
ALI MEYER REPORTING
Americans guzzle 65 billion gallons of fuel a year and lately we have been paying a pretty penny at the pump. NewsChannel 4 has done reports in the past on how to get the most out of your gas. Now we introduce you to a new way to save on those gasoline dollars.
There is a man who fills up his tank once every two months. One tank of gas, literally, lasts him two months. He is freezing the price of gas by freezing something else.
People complain about the price of gas and we are all spending dearly to stay on the road these days. The money we spend on gas seems to burn up faster than the fuel.
While there may be little rhyme or reason to why the prices are on a perpetual roller-coaster, there is one man who has found a way to freeze them in their tracks, literally.
David Hutchison is a Cryogenics expert. He built this Cryo-Process himself. He runs a business out of his garage where he cryogenically tempers all kinds of metals. He submerges them in a frozen tank of nitrogen vapor that is 300 degrees below zero.
David says, “During that time, at minus 300 degrees, the molecules slow down. Then they reorganize themselves. That's when the actual chemical change happens.”
Hutchison cryogenically tempers machine parts, tools, golf clubs and even razors. He says it makes them last three to five times longer.
A few years ago he began an experiment on his hybrid Honda, freezing the engine components. The results were a fuel-efficiency dream.
David Hutchison says, “You should expect a “Cryo'd” engine to last anywhere from 600,000 to 1 million miles without wearing out.”
A hybrid Honda typically gets really great gas mileage anyway, around 50 miles to the gallon, but David Hutchison's cryogenically tempered engine has been known to get close to 120 miles a gallon.
“It's just a very efficient vehicle.” Hutchison says,
Racers have picked up on David's trick of cryogenically freezing car parts. It is now widely accepted among NASCAR and Indy-car racers.
Hutchison has no plans of taking his Honda to the track. His prize is in his pocketbook.
David says, “I thought about selling it, but gas prices keep going up. So, I thought, I'm not going to sell it.”
Hutchison tells us cryogenically tempering car parts has more benefits than just fuel efficiency. He freezes all of the brake rotors at a car dealership near his home in Missouri. It makes them last three to five times longer.
Related Website
David Hutchison's Website
www.greatrazors.com
forget heat, beat, and treat, just cold scuplt metals when this is figured out:
Cold Melted Metals
0923melt.jpg (66355 bytes)
The phrase "Hutchison effect" is used except about John's levitation experiments also about these weird pieces of metal. John tells that the deformations have taken place in room temperature as a result of a complex combination of electromagnetic fields. Left above: Steel. Left below: Aluminum with coin marks and one coin inserted in the partially opened crack. Middle: completely cracked aluminum bar. Right above and below: Aluminum block partially cut open to show a piece of brown material cold melted in. John tells it is wood.
"Getting the effects is like opening an electromagnetic combination lock. I was actually so busy with adjusting the controls that I had no time to observe how the test pieces behaved in the combination of fields." About his levitation and cold melting H-effects John likes to think their origin connected with external dimensions. This explanation is fascinating. Now one may be manipulating with some Interdimensional wormholes within matter and it's basic particles.
0933John.JPG (25936 bytes)Afterwards, an alternative way of explaining the cold melting appears in visitor's mind. When exposing the object to a combination of electromagnetic fields with many frequencies simultaneously one actually may be trying to hit as many of the atom's orbital or nuclear resonances as possible.
Now as the atom is busy oscillating by itself and trying to stay in one piece under the strain of excess energy, it has other things to worry about than trying to keep tight bonds with neighboring atoms. While experimenter turns more power and hits more of it's resonances, the outer electrons responsible for metallic bonds start to shake themselves loose from other atoms and they start to slide past each other. The result is a soft, trembling jelly of metal.
Photo: John with examples of his Hutchison Effect test objects.
After the fields are cut off, the metal pieces of cause calm down after it's momentary nightmare of what appeared like melting in comfortable, cool room temperature. Metallic bonds settle for their familiar firm handshake with neighboring atoms with the resulting deformations John just showed - the Hutchison Effect.
John states that today he co-operates only with some distinguished U.S. scientists like Ken Shoulders. Indeed, when thinking it closely these John's experiments may have something in common with Shoulders' discovery about electron cluster sparks which seem to have some non-heating means of taking matter apart.
By Shoulders, the energy of an electric spark is less than what is required for melting equal amount of substance. So the electron packet or cluster present in sparks is obviously having some alternative means of loosening atomary bonds within matter than heating. Here we have a connection to John's cold melting effects with electromagnetic fields and high voltage. For more information about Shoulders' electron cluster, see his fine description "Charge Clusters In Action".
"With one levitation experiment the object started to vertically circle around in the air." We tried to explain this due to interference in the field due to slight instrument frequency wobbling or drifting. About possible changes in object inertial mass in his levitation experiments John could not tell.
The Character Behind 'Hutchison Effect'
If you choose to be a personality, let's be so full ahead. It is easy to stir people and you can imagine ordinary citizen's confusion when landing on the deck of John's apartment. And for sure, John enjoys to observe visitor's reactions...
0920Tita.JPG (24823 bytes)We also got an impression of a sedate, peaceful man with a very clear train of thoughts and an instant ability to concentrate on any interesting subject. When concentrating on something, everything else in daily schedules is shut out of his mind. He just drifts from a moment to another grasping wholly to each one. When thinking, John is out of our time.
Photo: John beside an engine room telegraph. He was told that this one had actually been used in the movie 'Titanic'.
John can also convincingly play fool when needed - or just for fun - and he likes doing so. His unique appearance he is intentionally keeping intensifies this another 'Hutchison Effect'. Even if knowing him you may be easily tricked, unless you know the exceptionally smart mind you are dealing with.
You may also want to look at following websites for more information about his achievements:
Related Websites and Links:
Hutchison Effect Archive by Leonard Norrgard.
Dr. John Hutchison - The Hutchison Effect.
The Hutchison Effect - An Explanation by Mark A. Solis.
You're on Your Own When You Violate the Laws of Physics (and Don't Take Notes) by John Hutchison.
The Dirt Cheap Rocks of John Hutchison.
Artificially Created Paranormal Phenomena of John Hutchison.
John Hutchison's Web Page.
Charge Clusters In Action by Ken Shoulders. PDF file: www.earthtech.org/ev/ccaction.pdf
John Hutchison, The Wild Scientist From Vancouver: http://hutchison.innoplaza.net
How to Explain Space Energy?
John Hutchison, The Wild Scientist From Vancouver:
http://hutchison.innoplaza.net
Until the Hutchinson effect is figured out:
condensing/etc/
energy
Source: Michigan Technological University
Date: January 26, 2004
More on:
Petroleum, Energy Technology, Engineering, Civil Engineering, Thermodynamics, Fossil Fuels
Microwave Steel: Faster, Cleaner, Cheaper
Microwave Steel: Faster, Cleaner, Cheaper
[by the way, under building materials, ideally you can get rid of all metals; see the substitutes for steel that are many time stronger and lighter;--made of hemp, quoting that:
Popular Mechanics, 1941, text: "After twelve years of research, the Ford Motor Company has completed an experimental automobile with a plastic body.
Although its design takes advantage of the properties of plastics, the streamline car does not differ greatly in appearance from its steel counterpart. The only steel in the hand-made body is found in the tubular welded frame on which are mounted 14 plastic panels, 3/16 inch thick.
Composed of a mixture of farm crops and synthetic chemicals, the plastic is reported to withstand a blow 10 times as great as steel without denting. Even the Windows and windshield are of plastic.
The total weight of the plastic car is about 2,000 pounds, compared with 3,000 pounds for a steel automobile of the same size.
additionally instead of metal conductors, there are some specially treated plastics that can be conductors as well, cheaper and much cleaner--and potentially from biological origins instead of the pollutions of the metal industries; see the 'conductors' section]
Science Daily — The same couch-potato technology that pops your popcorn during a TV commercial can now be used to make steel.
You shouldn't try it at home, however, since it involves heating the raw materials up to 1,000 degrees Celsius, about the same temperature as molten lava.
The feat was accomplished by Michigan Tech researcher Jiann-Yang (Jim) Hwang, who wired together the magnetrons from six garden-variety microwaves into one super-heavy-duty oven and added an electric arc furnace. He then put iron oxide and coal inside. In a matter of minutes, the microwave energy reduced the iron ore to iron, and the electric arc furnace smelted the iron and coal into steel.
The process could give the steel industry the same benefits that a microwave gives the typical family, says Hwang, an associate professor of materials science and engineering and director of Michigan Tech's Institute of Materials Processing.
It's really cheap, and it's really fast.
"With a blast furnace, most of the heat escapes," Hwang says. "It's like the stove in your home, where most of the heat warms your kitchen. It's inefficient. In our microwave, iron oxides can be heated to 1,000 degrees Celsius in one minute, compared to hours for conventional heating."
Microwave technology could cut production costs by as much as 50 percent, Hwang says. In addition to energy savings, it uses coal, eliminating the need for high-cost coke. And the manufacturing process is simple, cutting the number of steelmaking steps in half.
It's also friendlier to the environment, with significant reductions in greenhouse gases and sulfur dioxide emissions.
Industry officials aren't ready to throw their existing technology out the window just yet, but they are taking a close look at the Hwang's invention.
"This could be a promising technology, particularly for helping us reuse byproducts that are currently being discarded," said Mark Conedera, a senior environmental engineer with US Steel Corporation. "We've been supportive of the concept for these value-added uses, and it has significant environmental benefits."
Hwang believes his new technology has the potential to benefit U.S. heavy industry, particularly in the Great Lakes region, where the steel and auto industries are centered.
"A low-cost steelmaking technology would take advantage of U.S. iron and coal resources and could help keep manufacturing jobs in Michigan and throughout the Great Lakes," he said.
Hwang's microwave steelmaking research was supported by a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy.
Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by Michigan Technological University.
Microbe-inspired replacement for platinum catalysts in fuel cells:
One reason fuel cells are so expensive is the use of platinum in the membrane that conducts the hydrogen chemistry. Cyanobacteria catalyze this same reaction using an enzyme created from common and biocompatible metals. Cedric Tard and Christopher Pickett of the John Innes Centre in the UK have successfully mimicked the active site of the hydrogenase protein. The resulting iron-sulphur framework functions as an electrocatalyst for proton reduction, a potentially important step towards inexpensive materials to replace platinum in the anodes of fuel cells.
Microbe-inspired mining:
Dr. Irving DeVoe spent years studying how microbes capture essential elements such as iron, magnesium, chromium, selenium, copper, and even gold from water.
He then realized that this same process could help humans mine in non-destructive ways.
He learned how to make analogues of the molecules by mimicking the active sites that have the high affinity for various metals.
Now, instead of digging into the earth’s crust and heap-leaching metals with harsh chemicals, his company, MR3 Systems (USA), mines wastewater streams, gathering and purifying the metals that are traditionally seen as pollution.
From my friend, Eric, on metal soldering technologies:
"One of the more interesting
aspects of Brown's gas is it's utilization in creating a vacuum that has been picked up by the "flat screen" manufacturers. As far as I'm concerned, the welding aspect is absolutely astonishing in it's capacity to heat up any substance to it's 'plasma" state. If the object needs to be heated to 6,000 degrees, Brown's gas will do that.
If it needs 300 degrees, it does that.
http://www.pytela.com/int_ene_BrownsGas.html
Here is a link to the generator. The price is awesome considering
that the fuel used in this welder is water.
http://www.brownsgas.com/miniweld.html
You can remove a lot of poisonous paints this way--at least those on metals.
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February 1, 2008 Contact: Jonathan Sherwood
jonathan.sherwood@rochester.edu
585.273.4726
Researchers Create Gold Aluminum, Black Platinum, Blue Silver
PHOTOS
Gold Aluminum (photo credit Richard Baker, University of Rochester)
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Black Titanium (photo credit Richard Baker, University of Rochester)
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Gold Aluminum, Blue Titanium, Gold Platinum (photo credit Richard Baker, University of Rochester)
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Guo in lab at the Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester (photo credit Richard Baker, University of Rochester)
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Chunlei Guo, associate professor of optics at the University of Rochester, holds a piece of iridesent platinum (photo credit Richard Baker, University of Rochester)
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MAKING HEADLINES
New York Times
Lasers Make Other Metals Look Like Gold
(February 1, 2008)
RELATED LINKS
Scientist Creates True 'Black Metal'
Chunlei Guo Laser Laboratory
Optical Scientists Say Transformation of Any Metal to Any Color Now Possible
Using a tabletop laser, University of Rochester optical scientists have turned pure aluminum, gold.
And blue. And gray. And many other colors. And it works for every metal tested, including platinum, titanium, tungsten, silver, and gold.
Chunlei Guo, the researcher who a year ago used intense laser light to alter the properties of a variety of metals to render them pitch black, has pushed the same process further in a paper in today's Applied Physics Letters. He now believes it's possible to alter the properties of any metal to turn it any color—even multi-colored iridescence like a butterfly's wings.
Since the process changes the intrinsic surface properties of the metal itself and is not just a coating, the color won't fade or peel, says Guo, associate professor of optics at the Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester. He suggests the possibilities are endless—a cycle factory using a single laser to produce bicycles of different colors; etching a full-color photograph of a family into the refrigerator door; or proposing with a gold engagement ring that matches your fiancée's blue eyes.
"Since the discovery of the black metal we've been determined to get full control on getting metals to reflect only a certain color and absorb the rest, and now we finally can make a metal reflect almost any color we wish," says Guo. "When we first found the process that produced a gold color, we couldn't believe it. We worked in the lab until midnight trying to figure out what other colors we could make."
Guo and his assistant, Anatoliy Vorobeyv, use an incredibly brief but incredibly intense laser burst that changes the surface of a metal, forming nanoscale and microscale structures that selectively reflect a certain color to give the appearance of a specific color or combinations of colors.
The metal-coloring research follows up on Guo's breakthrough "black metal" discovery in late 2006, when his research team was able to create nanostructures on metal surfaces that absorbed virtually all light, making something as simple as regular aluminum into one of the darkest materials ever created.
Guo's black metal, with its very high absorption properties, is ideal for any application where capturing light is desirable. The potential applications range from making better solar energy collectors, to more advanced stealth technology, he says. The ultra-brief/ultra-intense light Guo uses is produced by a femtosecond laser, which produces pulses lasting only a few quadrillionths of a second. A femtosecond is to a second what a second is to about 32 million years. During its brief burst, Guo's laser unleashes as much power as the entire electric grid of North America does, all focused onto a spot the size of a needlepoint.
The intense blast forces the surface of the metal to form nanostructures—pits, globules, and strands that response incoming light in different ways depending on the way the laser pulse sculpted the structures. Since the structures are smaller than the wavelength of light, the way they reflect light is highly dependent upon their specific size and shape, says Guo. Varying the laser intensity, pulse length, and number of pulses, allows Guo to control the configuration of the nanostructures, and hence control what color the metal reflects.
Guo and Vorobyev also achieve the iridescent coloring by creating microscale lines covered with nanostructures. The lines, arranged in regular rows, cause reflected light of different wavelengths to interfere differently in different directions. The result is a piece of metal that can appear solid purple from one direction, and gray from another, or multiple colors all at once.
To alter an area of metal the size of a dime currently takes 30 minutes or more, but the researchers are working on refining the technique. Fortunately, despite the incredible intensity involved, the femtosecond laser can be powered by a simple wall outlet, meaning that when the process is refined, implementing it should be relatively simple.
The new process has worked on every metal Guo has tried, and the results are so consistent that he believes it will work for every metal known. His team is currently working to find the right tuning to create the rest of the rainbow for the solid-colored metal, including red and green.
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http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=3106
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